السداسي الثاني- Semestre2

Psychoanalysis, founded by Sigmund Freud in the late 19th century, marked a paradigm shift in understanding the human psyche. It is based on the exploration of unconscious processes that shape thoughts, emotions, and behaviors, postulating that the psychic apparatus is structured according to dynamic, topographical, and economic principles. Freud’s model, initially articulated through the concepts of the conscious, preconscious, and unconscious (first topography), and later reformulated in terms of the Ego, Id, and Superego (second topography), has provided a foundational framework for conceptualizing the ways in which drives, intrapsychic conflicts, and defense mechanisms shape the subject